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Introduction: Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal), widely regarded as a Rasayana in Ayurveda, has been traditionally used for rejuvenation, longevity, and management of various health conditions. In recent decades, it has gained international attention for its adaptogenic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities, supported by clinical and experimental research. Methods: A comprehensive review of classical Ayurvedic texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya) and modern biomedical databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) was conducted. Search terms included “Ashwagandha,” “Withania somnifera,” “Rasayana,” “adaptogen,” and “clinical trial.” Literature published between 2000–2024 was prioritized. Studies were included if they discussed traditional uses, pharmacological mechanisms, or clinical outcomes. Exclusion criteria included anecdotal reports, non-peer-reviewed sources, and studies without relevant outcome measures. Results: Classical texts describe Ashwagandha as a Balya, Vajikarana, and Rasayana, promoting strength, fertility, and vitality. Modern pharmacology attributes its actions to bioactive compounds such as withanolides, alkaloids, and sitoindosides. Evidence supports its efficacy in reducing stress and anxiety, improving sleep quality, enhancing muscle strength, modulating immunity, and managing chronic conditions like arthritis, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Several randomized controlled trials validate its adaptogenic and nootropic properties. Discussion: Ayurveda and modern science converge in recognizing Ashwagandha as a multipotent health-promoting agent. However, gaps remain in standardization of formulations, dose optimization, long-term safety data, and understanding its mechanisms at molecular and genomic levels. Conclusion: Ashwagandha exemplifies the successful integration of Ayurveda and modern pharmacology. With robust traditional usage and growing scientific validation, it holds potential as a safe, evidence-based Rasayana for global healthcare.

KEYWORDS: Adaptogen, Ashwagandha, Rasayana, stress, Withania somnifera