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Introduction: Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Despite significant advances in chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, challenges such as drug resistance, toxicity, and limited accessibility persist. Ayurveda describes Arbuda and Granthi as tumor-like conditions, attributing them to aggravated Doshas and Dushyas. Several Ayurvedic plants are traditionally prescribed for these conditions, and many have shown anticancer potential in modern pharmacological studies. Methods: A literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Ayurvedic classical texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu). Keywords included “Ayurveda AND cancer,” “Arbuda,” “anticancer plants,” and names of specific herbs. Inclusion criteria comprised experimental studies, pharmacological validations, and clinical trials from 1960–2025. Results: Ayurveda highlights herbs such as Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi), Curcuma longa (Haridra), Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh), and Semecarpus anacardium (Bhallataka) as Arbuda nashaka. Pharmacological studies confirm anticancer effects through mechanisms like apoptosis induction, inhibition of angiogenesis, suppression of NF-κB and PI3K/AKT pathways, and antioxidant activity. Preclinical evidence demonstrates tumor regression, reduced metastasis, and synergistic effects with conventional chemotherapy. Limited clinical trials suggest improvements in quality of life, reduced toxicity, and potential tumor control. Discussion: There is strong convergence between Ayurvedic insights and modern pharmacology. However, limitations include lack of standardized extracts, small sample size clinical trials, and insufficient toxicological evaluations. Conclusion: Ayurvedic anticancer plants represent a promising complementary approach with mechanistic evidence supporting their use. Future directions include robust clinical validation, standardization, and integration with conventional oncology to improve outcomes and minimize side effects.

KEYWORDS: Anticancer, Arbuda, Ayurveda, Herbal pharmacology, Tumor inhibition